Introduction: The Debate Over Digital Freedom
The Social Media Bill 2025 has become a major topic of discussion among Nepalese, raising concerns about censorship, freedom of speech, and the government’s control over online platforms. The bill has been presented as a means to regulate social media platforms, address content that might be dangerous or misleading, and prevent cybercrimes. These topics are serious and do require regulation, as we have seen the rising influence of social media in everyone’s life.
However, critics argue that the problem lies in the use of vague language and phrases that could severely limit freedom of speech on online platforms. The harsh penalties could be a major deterrent for Nepalese citizens to exercise their rights to express themselves and criticise freely. This bill is a major step towards digital governance, but the challenge is how to balance online security without hampering our fundamental rights.
The Purpose of the Social Media Bill
The primary intent, as stated by the Ministry of Communication and Information Technology (MoCIT), is to ensure that online platforms become safer by preventing misinformation and holding social media companies accountable. The bill aims to regulate both social media companies and users potentially. The government argues that the regulations are needed to curb hate speech, ensure digital safety, and prevent social media platforms from spreading misleading narratives. The key provisions of the bill include:
- Mandating the registration of social media platforms in Nepal to ensure companies’ accountability.
- Fines of up to NPR 2.5 million for platforms that do not comply with government regulations.
- Strict action against fake news and deepfakes to prevent crimes and unrest.
- Protection against cyber harassment, online abuse, and scams.
- A 24-hour complaint system for users to report harmful content.
The Potential Limit to Freedom of Speech
Although the bill may have been introduced with positive intentions, it has faced heavy criticism by lawmakers and experts for its problematic aspects that could limit the right to express and criticise freely.
- Vague use of Terms: It is unclear what constitutes “misleading” information. The use of vague language allows significant room for error.
- Strict Censorship of Content: When the bill becomes a law, authorities will have greater control over the removal of content. This is concerning as it could deter activism and journalism that question the current government or authority.
- Self-Censorship and Fear: Journalists, bloggers, and social media users may fear legal action, which will ultimately lead to self-censorship. This is concerning as the authorities might never be questioned for their actions.
- Government Control Over Platforms: As social media companies need to register with Nepal’s government, it is unavoidable to think that the government could control and monitor online discussions to manage the narrative within the country.
- Risk of Getting Banned: If the social media platforms don’t comply with the amended strict potential regulations, the risk of social media platforms being banned is very high, which will greatly limit access to information and digital freedom.
- Harsh penalties: The penalties are disproportionately severe, with jail time of up to 5 years and fines in the range of millions of rupees. Such penalties are typically reserved for far more serious offenses like corruption, financial fraud, or violent crimes.
How a Bill Becomes Law: The Social Media Bill’s Journey
The Social Media Bill is yet to become an official law, and for that, it must pass through several stages in Nepal’s Federal Parliament.
- Drafting & Proposal: In this case, the MoCIT has drafted the bill and submitted it to the Cabinet for approval.
- Introduction in the National Assembly (Upper House): In this stage, the bill is presented in the National Assembly (Rashtriya Sabha), where lawmakers debate and suggest amendments.
- Approval by the National Assembly: Once approved by the Upper House, the bill moves to the House of Representatives (Lower House).
- Debate in the House of Representatives: Lawmakers discuss the bill further, and it may be sent to the parliamentary committees for review.
- Final Approval by Both Houses: If the House of Representatives also passes the bill, it is sent back to the National Assembly for final approval. Both houses must agree on the final text of the bill before it moves to the next stage.
- Authentication by the President: The bill is then sent to the President of Nepal for authentication. If the President signs the bill, it officially becomes law. If not, it is sent back to Parliament for further review.
Currently, the Social Media Bill is under discussion and has not yet been passed into law. It is also said that the bill will undergo necessary amendments before being passed by both houses.
What Can We Do?
Social media regulation is necessary and must be implemented. However, it must be balanced with people’s freedom of expression and digital rights.
Push for Bill Amendment
As stated, the bill needs to undergo several revisions so that vague terms such as “harmful content” and “misinformation” are clearly defined. We must ensure its revision before it’s passed.
Stay Informed and Vigilant Against Threats to Free Expression
The most essential thing we can do is to stay informed about law changes like these that affect our freedom of free expression. Nepalese citizens must remain vigilant about how these laws are enforced. Citizens, journalists, activists, and civil society groups should work and push for transparency in the digital space and speak up against censorship and irresponsible governance.
Engaging in discussions and challenging potential misuse of law through public discourse and legal review will ensure we democratic values in the digital space are preserved.
Conclusion: The Need for Balance
The Social Media Bill 2025 presents both opportunities and risks. While regulating cybercrimes and misinformation is important, Nepal must ensure that these laws do not turn into tools for censorship and government overreach. By revising vague provisions, protecting digital rights, and ensuring transparency, Nepal can create a legal framework that upholds both online security and freedom of expression.
The future of digital freedom in Nepal depends on how this bill is shaped—and it is up to lawmakers, civil society, and the public to ensure it protects both online safety and democracy.